It is great to see people who feel like they are finally getting the representation they deserve. (1998). In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. 2. Cambridge: Polity Press. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wngnerud, L. (2009). For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. On the relationship between gender democracy and gender equality in the EU. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. Rawls, J. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Marion Maddox, Kais Al-momani, Niki N. N. Dados, Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, Leda Sutlovic, Toma Deelan, Danica Fink-Hafner, Jasminka Pesut, Centre for Peace and Social Justice Papers, The Institutional and Demographic Determinants of Latino Representation in State Legislatures, Legislative Oversight and the Substantive Representation of Black and Latino Interests in Congress, Women's Legislative Representation and Gender Equality: What Works in the Absence of a'Critical Mass', Quota Laws, Representation of Women and the Role of Civil Society Organizations, The Social and Political Forces Shaping Legislator-Constituent Relations: Expanding an Empirical Theory of Representation, Political Participation of Muslims in Australia, Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation. The Case of Rwanda, Worlds Apart? Representatives. This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. The actual empirical variation and the detailed characteristics of state feminism around the globe are different matters and not the topic of this chapter. Individuals may not be voting on individual issues within a representative democracy, but they can still have their opinions heard. That's pretty straightforward. A complete Idea: Such representation creates a clear and complete idea in the mind of the audience. In N. Fraser & A. Honneth (Eds. Fleurbaey, M. (1995). It is always recommended to visit an institution's official website for more information. Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/, CC BY. Pennock, J. R. (1979). Pearl Necklace for Women, 18K Gold Staion Neckalce Tin Cup Pearl Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. A theory of justice. Minorities have endured many forms of social injustices. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. While this is an enormous step, indicative of progression, corrupt politicians many times can use such incentives to implement manipulative and unscrupulous tactics to gain support from minority groups. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. The current reservation system keeps 13% of vacancies in government sector reserved for SC, 7.5 % for ST and 27.5% for OBC. 5 No. (2004). Princeton: Princeton University Press. Your email address will not be published. Mellom fag og feminisme: Kvinneforskning i statsvitenskap. Multicultural citizenship. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. "Share icon", Quan Do, The Noun Project. Descriptive statistics is a form of analysis that helps you by describing, summarizing, or showing data in a meaningful way. Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system that tries to create a representative body that better reflects all of the citizens' interests in an electorate or voting district. European Journal of Political Research, 32, 1852010. Barry, B. Ethics, 91, 431450. 3. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Politics & Gender, 1(4), 622637. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the "what is" of a topic. Galligan, Y. : LOCAL DESCRIPTIVE REPRESENTATION, Do Gender Quotas Work? Between facts and norms. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Part of Springer Nature. Learn how your comment data is processed. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. New York: Verso. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Aldershot: Ashgate. The procedures involved with experimental research make it possible to isolate specific variables within virtually any topic. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. In J. Parkinson & J. Mansbridge (Eds. The research can utilize methods such as surveys, observation, field experiments, interviews and number analysis. The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Other hybrid approaches have been suggested for visual-spatial and model-based reasoning. Since feedback is a necessary component of first-class customer service and workforce optimization . The descriptive characteristics of a representative can lull voters into thinking their substantive interests are being represented even when this is not the case. (Eds. Like Mink, many other women sought and won political office, many with the help of the NWPC. Guinier, L. (1994). Reading a hundred pages may not give any scope to make a decision. Political liberalism. London: Routledge. The mission of the fellowship is to support and advance academic and practitioner-scholars in their gender-related research. Lovenduski, J. Perhaps youve even made it yourself. Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. The three that we visit on every trip to Atlanta are Six Flags, Stone Mountain, and the Atlanta Aquarium. Horizontal Communication This allows more people to benefit from the decisions the government makes when compared with other types of ruling structures. Various reasons clarify why this is. (1993) have developed a system consisting of a propositional and depictorial partonomy (organization of parts) for reasoning, where the depictorial partonomy reflects the hierarchy proposed in representations for visual processes. Towards a European union gender equality index. Though studies argue it influences how communities are represented through constituency service, they are limited since legislators' service activities are unobserved. List of Pros of Bicameral Legislature. to the people they represent. (1993). I didnt have an opinion when surveys asked if I felt that I wasn't being treated equally to my fellow American classmate with all the same qualities I held. Descriptive research designs also offer a unique means of data collection. Williams, M. S. (1998). In the face of the modern impatience with pages (or even paragraphs) of descriptive narrative, its easy for writers to overreact and decide to avoid description altogether. Comparative state feminism. Pros of Representative Democracy. Proportional Representation The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. Stetson, D., & Mazur, A. G. (1995). Crenshaw, K. (1991). In B. Grofman et al. These are part of business analytics, which extract value from your business data. both quantitative and qualitative research. Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. Teigen, M. (2000). Emerald: Bingley. Race itself was never something I viewed another, in the way women are portrayed in modern culture and society. It may not be until one is pursing their final years of high school, or perhaps even in college when they are aware of Americas history of possessing a highly restrictive political system. References. It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. New York: Oxford University Press. Descriptive Representation : Brief Description. Source publication Pros, Cons, and Changing Behavior: An. Legal harmonization and intersectionality in Swedish and Norwegian anti-discrimination reform. Rita Williams Garcia Net Worth, Reliance on analytical thinki ng. Democracy With Adequate Representation. Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . (2005a). Descriptive Representation and Intergroup Relations in Comparative Perspective. In Y. Galligan (Ed. 2. In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. 1. The results apply to various other topics and departments, too. While women in many western states could vote sooner, all women were not able to exercise their right to vote nationwide until passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, and they began to make up more than 5 percent of either chamber only in the 1990s. Another argument in favor of descriptive research is that once information is assembled, there are many ways to apply it. The pros and cons of descriptive research analysis. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Advantages of Descriptive Research. (pp. A software life cycle model is a descriptive representation of the software development cycle. Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. (1996). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Delegation of tasks to others offers the following benefits: 1. This article is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. world (descriptive representation), and the second focuses on effects of women's presence in parliament (substantive representation). Quantitativist. There are many different types of data presentation. Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. Olsen, J. P. (2013). This essay will proceed as follows. Given Australia's ethnic diversity, it is agreed by most political and sociological scholars that such diversity is lacking in Australian legislative bodies.1 A point of contention lies in whether MEM representatives are able to actually implement legislation that will represent the views of minorities in their electorate (substantive representation) or whether the number of MEM representatives in legislative bodies is sufficient for representation (descriptive representation).2 In this essay, after discussing the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation, I will argue that both theories are linked because elected minority representatives are often best equipped at dealing with the issues of minorities and that MEM representatives have a positive impact on voters. Theory Given that the case study focuses on an Australian MEM representative, I will use the definition of 'ethnic' by Gianni Zappala. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. It is complicated: One of the major draw back of this system is that it is too confusing. Easy to set up, doesn't require extra space. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. New York: Free Press. The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. ), Deliberative systems: Deliberative democracy at the large scale. that is one example, One of their most vital discoveries was that distinction in wrongdoing rates crosswise over territories did not change with changes in the populace yet remained steady crosswise over time. Oxford: Oxford University Press. One of the critical factors in understanding why a few blocks are preferable at controlling wrongdoing over others needs to do with open communities connections among individuals in the area. You can get a decent soundbar at $200-300. Purpose. In S. Besson & J. S. Mart (Eds. In each case, we find that in a given Congress, legislators are around 6-9 percentage points more likely to contact federal agencies on behalf of constituents with whom they share background char-acteristics, when compared to their nonveteran, male, or white . Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, African American representatives also began to enter Congress in increasing numbers. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. (1982). Descriptive studies include case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surveys (cross-sectional) studies, which measure the frequency of several factors, and hence the size of the problem. - 136.243.94.45. Oxford: Polity Press. The documentary forces us to, The United States is the most racially diverse nation in the world. Affordable. The advantages of using tables and graphs to organize data include easy visualization of statistics, poignant descriptions of data, the provision of a summary of the overall work and the interest people show to graphics over words, according to Texas A&M University. Walby, S. (2011). An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. Descriptive representation is a representation in which representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. October 2004. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Minow, M. (1991). Voet, R. (1992). Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. 1. I'm not sure what the pros and cons are of labelling all or only some such statistics as inferential. Fortunes of feminism. Your email address will not be published. There are many time restrictions that are placed on research methods. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. Growing up, racial profiling was never a big deal to me or my family. It is an Efficient Form of Government. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Often times in American history, unselected natural characteristics such as race and ethnicity have served as keen factors permitting unequal treatment of individuals and at creating barriers placing minority groups at a disadvantage when attempting to practice influence over the government. 1. This photo shows the founding members of the Congressional Black Caucus, which at the time of its founding in 1971 had only thirteen members. descriptive representation is the extent to which a representative or legislative body resembles a given constituent and her social or demographic identities. Hernes, H. (1987). Classic descriptive statistics include mean, min, max, standard deviation, median, skew, kurtosis. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Required fields are marked *. This however has created an increase in of social anxiety among some people in American. At extended last, mindful neighbors will probably concur upon common issues and cooperate to explain, As we look at social disorganization theory we knew that they were using spatial maps to look at the locations of juveniles. 2. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/9e28f580-0d1b-4d72-8795-c48329947ac2@1. A., & Marmor, T. R. (1981). Summarize a large amount of data in a visual, easily interpretable form Make trends easier to highlight than tables do it helps in studying patterns over long period of time it is used to compare data sets. 3. Signs, 19(3), 713738. Traveling is one of my familys favorite things to do. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. When it comes to confidentiality, some respondents won't give answers to questionnaires and interviews. Rallies and protests have emerged from incidents that dealt with racial profiling. You might also like. University of Neuchtel. Thirdly and lastly, I will outline the implications that descriptive and substantive representation have on MEM representatives and voters, and the lessons learnt from studying Ngo as a MEM political representative. Google Scholar. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. List of the Pros of Experimental Research 1. Today, EMILYs List, a PAC founded in 1985 to help elect pro-choice Democratic women to office, plays a major role in fundraising for female candidates. Citizenship, Gender and Diversity. 518). Fraser, N. (2003). Aldershot: Ashgate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. that: The most affecting descriptive writing results from an author's providing not a linguistic blueprint of a library but the raw material (the air tinged with the scent of old pages, the shafts of dusty light through the window slats, the whispers, like trickling water, of the librarians behind the oval reference desk) from which the reader can erect her own library. Equal opportunity and equal social outcome. The predominant theory that descriptive representation improves a constituent's relationship with the state (Mansbridge 1999) has led to the study of how sharing a salient identity with one's representative positively affects attitudes toward government.In particular, political science has examined the effect of descriptive representation on political efficacy, a measure of trust and sense . (eds) Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation. From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. View all access and purchase options for this article. . While women and minorities remain underrepresented in Congress, some individual legislators have achieved seniority and enough political clout necessary to move into leadership positions. Professionals often use descriptive statistics to communicate simple trends within a data set. Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. Goodin highlights that legislatures and governments need not include all groups and subgroups in society to represent the fact of diversity. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative research. The results show that descriptive representation contributes to substantive representation, even if the costs of participating outweigh the electoral benefits. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. A table lists data in columns. What Are the Advantages of Qualitative Research? If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Nussbaum, M. (1999). The chapter discusses the costs and benefits of descriptive representation under state feminism in the light of institutional variation and the fact of reasonable normative disagreement. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation: Womens Quotas, Variations in State Feminism and the Fact of Reasonable Pluralism. - Volume 55 Issue 2. It is based on the belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in key demographic characteristics as gender, ethnicity, or religion. therefore, it is used by various industries Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. Mansbridge, J. In this contribution we distinguish the substantive and the descriptive approach of representation. Tannen, D. (1994). Evidence from Romania. Movies represent cultural values and Disney's legacy of mostly white princesses depicts our racist society. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Mansbridge, J. $\endgroup . Descriptive research provides numerical descriptions that identify what the thing being studied looks like in terms of its size, location, and frequency. A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. The simplest example of this point, which is critical for an understanding of how languages function as representational systems, is the famous traffic lights example. Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. Descriptive representation allows for adequate communication in contexts of mistrust What is the relate-ability benefit of Descriptive Representation People will be more likely to communicate more with someone with whom they share a racial identity. Since 1992, the U.S. Congress has experienced dramatic change in the demographic makeup of its membership. Lexington: D. C. Heath. Acceptability: Such a report is acceptable to busy persons because it easily highlights the theme of the report. Visualize the benefits and drawbacks of the solution. Berkeley: University of California Press. Discrimination has not fallen short in any way and continues to build barriers for many people of color. Four of those types include tables, bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts. Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. Enter your library card number to sign in. At the heart of freedom: Feminism, sex & equality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Representing Diversity. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. 1. When nondescriptive representatives have, for various reasons, greater SDLC models might have a different approach but the basic phases and activity remain the same for all the models. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. These descriptive The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). We may share your site usage data with our social media, advertising, and analytics partners for these reasons. Pros. Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . Though the theory was that crime was around certain citys and remained stable within certain areas despite changes in the populations where certain people lived in the community. States of democracy: A gender perspective. Equality of opportunity. Cambridge: Polity Press. ), Representation and redistricting issues. A main aspect of marginalization. Mart, J. L. (2006). It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. in or register, Norsk Statsvitenskaplig Tidsskrift, 13(3). Use descriptive statistics to summarize and graph the data for a group that you choose. Nimantran Patra In Marathi For Birthday, Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. In this way, it couldn't just be that distinctive individuals lived in the high-wrongdoing territories than in the low-wrongdoing zones. Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. Second, this same information reveals to us when somebody is strange, or something improper is going on. Accountability and political representation of national minorities: a forgotten link? The 114th Congress, which began in January 2015, had a historically large percentage of racial and ethnic minorities. #1) Waterfall Model. On the benefit side, intersectionality, welfare state and democratization seem to deliver several of the same goods as descriptive representation, raising the question of whether descriptive representation is at all recommendable, given what we know of its costliness. The institutional basis of democratic accountability. And bear in mind that representatives act on behalf of groups not directly included in decision-making so we should also focus on the representation of interests (though this is much harder to do than simply counting, of course). Defending equality of outcome. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. Get full access to this article. Voice, trust, and memory: Marginalized groups and the failings of liberal representation. Tests: The Material and Tangible Effects of Descriptive Representation. She went to law school after being denied admission to medical school because of her gender. Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Descriptive statistics are functions of the sample data that are intrinsically interesting in describing some feature of the data. In addition, the attempts to form race-based alliances have had very little success amongst minority groups as racial similarities are not significant enough to unify different minority groups. Predictive analytics determines the potential outcomes of present and past actions and trends. Democracy and the new separation of powers. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. However, its not unheard of for it to happen when two buyers are using the same agent. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting?