Some antiviruses may even delete and remove useless files from unknown sources to free up disk space, increasing the speed of the PC. Antivirus An antivirus software, as the name indicates, is a program that works against virus protection. In our health-conscious society, viruses of any type are an enemy.
The Dangers Of Viruses And How To Protect Your Computer You take advantage of my small size, I give your computer a "virus" The Code red virus attacked Microsoft servers and caused many server related issues as it degraded all the information technology system. Fast communicators.2.
What are the advantages of a computer? - Javatpoint Unremembered installation/creation of new desktop icons or apps, Applications running without your permission, Programs that end without your permission. Advantages and Disadvantages of Indirect Tax. If this is the case then deleting everything can be the easiest way to stop. Until that day arrives when our computers can literally take care of themselves, a few preventive actions can go a long way toward keeping your system healthy. The host's response to infection is inflammation. The world is full of viruses, and new ones are developing daily.
What Is a Computer Virus? Types, Examples & More | Proofpoint US This comprises the first computer virus and its subsequent development into several forms of malicious software over time. The weakest link theory is BS. Viruses range in severity from the harmless to the downright system crippling. But still antivirus software is able to catch all the computer virus. Are each of you that stupid? No! Not having a protective mechanism for your computer system is like inviting viruses to your computer by providing them with a clear and accessible entrance. A computer virus is a kind of malicious computer program, which when executed, replicates itself and inserts its own code. This is done to make sure that you only access the websites that are safe and harmless for your computer system.
Advantages of Computer | PDF | Cybercrime | Computer Data Storage Semrush is an all-in-one digital marketing solution with more than 50 tools in SEO, social media, and content marketing. If no, then get an antivirus software as soon as possible so you can use your computer without the constant fear of falling prey to a virus attack. It performs unwanted and malicious actions that end up affecting the system's performance and user's data/files. Emails- The fastest way to send documents and information and follow the format of recipient and subject. While we await evolutionary changes in computer-human relations, new threats in our current computing environment appear almost daily. Convenience. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Computer Security | ipl.org Some of Bacteria are much larger than viruses. Each time a new virus is reported, we download patches and upgrade security systems in droves. Antivirus software is a group of computer applications designed to search for, stop, find, and eliminate viruses from computers and other IT equipment. in this article, we will check the advantages and disadvantages of computer systems. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM), Logical and Physical Address in Operating System, Computer Organization | Instruction Formats (Zero, One, Two and Three Address Instruction), Computer Organization and Architecture | Pipelining | Set 1 (Execution, Stages and Throughput), Memory Hierarchy Design and its Characteristics, Computer Organization | Von Neumann architecture, Computer Organization | Booth's Algorithm, Difference between Von Neumann and Harvard Architecture, Direct Access Media (DMA) Controller in Computer Architecture, Memory Segmentation in 8086 Microprocessor, Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) Architecture. 1-Virus can crash window 2-Virus can remove window files due to this the computer system slow down. By using our site, you It can self-replicate and spread. Copyright 2011-2021 www.javatpoint.com. A virtual private network (VPN) is also provided with higher-tier services. The Metaverse in 2023: Doomed or Just Growing Pains? Person can do multiple task, multiple operation at a same time, calculate numerical problems within few seconds. Antivirus blocks spyware from even touching the computer's data, allowing for secure shopping and online banking. Derived from Dictionary word means to calculate. Most of the antivirus software is quite cost-effective. A programming language for computers that does not data type of a variable is referred to as being loosely typed language. That means were only as strong as the weakest link. If every computer user simply protected his or her own laptop or PC, Trilling said, virus and worm writers would have to pursue another form of entertainment. Protection From Hackers and Data thieves. MyDoom (2004): MyDoom is one of the most infamous and worst viruses in history. Enter your Username and Password to sign in. Here are the top 15 computer viruses in the world that you must know about: 15. what are the advantages of using computer virus. On top of using antivirus, you can also think of using a password manager for better security. A computer virus is a . Value adding opportunity to improve the abilities and .
Additionally, new antivirus software and methods have been developed. Get it now with a no-commitment free trial. The Trojans attacks the network by modifying blocking and even delete data.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Antivirus Software | Drawbacks Top 10 Advantages And Disadvantages of Computer System Speed - Now computer isn't just a calculating device. A computer virus is a malicious application or authored code used to perform destructive activity on a device or local network. Our Full-Service B2B Marketing Program Delivers Sales-Ready Enterprise IT Leads Learn More. According to experts, one of the advantages of Computer Viruses is it allows for companies to create stronger virus protection programs to combat them. The Benefits of Using Computer Virus Protection Software Are: Spam Message Blocking. The one with antivirus for sure. Viruses will invade a cell in the body and uses part of the cell to multiple causing new viruses to produce. not fun when you need to do serious work. The term computer springs from the Latin term computare, this suggests to calculate or programmable machine.
Advantages and Disadvantages - Viruses, Worms, and Trojans Viruses as Drivers of Biogeochemical Cycles. Advantages of Computer : Multitasking- Multitasking is one among the main advantage of computer. Suspicious or unauthorized network activity can be detected and blocked, a key step in identifying Trojan viruses and hijacking attempts. In order to prevent form the computer virus many antivirus software are being developed. In the asymmetric key encryption, all the recipients have their public key and sender has its own private key, which is kept secret from everyone. The Word Computer means to the middle Processor Unit plus Internal memory. Every time you are exposed to a virus, your immune system builds resistance to that particular bug. They may be trying to steal information or corrupt data. Now they come up with a weakest link story and they even find a journalist to write that up!
What is a Computer Virus And How To Deal With Them | McAfee To avoid detection, a tunneling virus first launches itself behind antivirus software and then goes to the operating system's interruption handlers and intercepts them. A (n) ________ virus temporarily erases its code from the files where it resides, and then hides in the active memory of the computer. Some of the tools and services to help your business grow. https://www.technewsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/09/e-reader.jpg, https://www.technewsworld.com/story/color-android-apps-change-the-game-for-e-paper-tablets-177150.html, Color, Android Apps Change the Game for E-Paper Tablets, https://www.technewsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/02/frustrated-computer-user.jpg, https://www.technewsworld.com/story/why-tech-jobs-are-vaporizing-177744.html, https://www.technewsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2023/01/legal-gavel.jpg, https://www.technewsworld.com/story/meta-lowers-legal-hammer-on-law-enforcement-data-scraper-177669.html, Meta Lowers Legal Hammer on Law Enforcement Data Scraper, https://www.technewsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2023/01/Aptera-Launch-Edition.jpg, https://www.technewsworld.com/story/aptera-solar-powered-vehicle-set-to-roll-in-2023-lightyear-puts-brakes-on-250k-spev-177721.html, Aptera Solar-Powered Vehicle Set To Roll in 2023, Lightyear Puts Brakes on $250K SPEV, https://www.technewsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/12/metaverse-shopping.jpg, https://www.technewsworld.com/story/retail-in-the-metaverse-facing-hardware-identity-challenges-177271.html, Retail in the Metaverse Facing Hardware, Identity Challenges, https://www.technewsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2023/01/HP-E27u-QHD-Monitor-Workspace.jpg, https://www.technewsworld.com/story/hp-unveils-new-hybrid-gear-for-remote-workforce-productivity-177613.html, HP Unveils New Hybrid Gear for Remote Workforce Productivity, https://www.technewsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/11/female-soldier-soluting.jpg, https://www.technewsworld.com/story/female-army-veteran-uses-tech-to-help-create-a-better-future-177372.html, Female Army Veteran Uses Tech To Help Create a Better Future.
What is Loosely Typed Language - javatpoint Computer can be defined as a machine which receives input stores it and then process the stored data as per the instructions given by the user of the computer and finally gives the output as required. But still antivirus software is able to catch all the computer virus. A computer virus, much like a flu virus, is designed to spread from host to host and has the ability to replicate itself. So, this means that most of the viruses are countered way before they get to do any harm to your systems.
6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Antivirus - HitechWhizz Disadvantages of Computer Virus | It Tips and Tricks You protect your valuable data and accounts with a password, and then you think that your data and accounts are protected.
The Advantages of an Antivirus | Techwalla Depending on the virus, the cost of damage to your systems could be immeasurably high. To that end, the company developed Primary Response, a server-based software system that, like our bodies immune systems, learns from both user actions and external stimulus. The code's malicious activity could damage the local file system, steal data, interrupt services, download additional malware, or any other actions coded into the program by the malware author. Hackers do so by sending malicious emails to the victims. These viruses also causes worth a billion of dollars of economic loss every year by increasing the maintenance cost, corrupting computer data, etc. It can spread rapidly on a network. Virus attacks can be controlled by proper antivirus installation and by keeping the antivirus up to date.
How many 5 letter words can you make from Cat in the Hat? When using the Internet to browse and download data, it is wise to be wary of malware. These threats can potentially risk your data and files. It caused about $55,000,000,000 in damage. The success of the immune system relies on organisms continuing to function even after a few cells are infected, so the body has time to produce enough antibodies to react, he told TechNewsWorld. Viruses and bacteria both are microscopic, contain proteins, and cause disease. A browser hijacker is defined as "unwanted software that changes a web browser's settings without the user's permission." Antivirus applications only require a small financial outlay and are completely worth it. An interaction between parasite and host, whereby the relationship is beneficial for the former but detrimental to the latter, is characterized as parasitism. Reasonably so, spam mail is also referred to as one of the largest carriers of viruses. After the SoBig attack last fall, hundreds of thousands of computer users updated software, installed virus protection and reconfigured firewalls. What is Cryptanalysis and How Does it Work? With the help of viruses, nanoscale materials are arranged. Advantages of Virus To make money and become more well-known, many programmers have devoted their careers to creating viruses and their countermeasures. They are eliminated by the immune system. These viruses can be found in pen . Many premium antivirus programs extend web-scanning features. Ahhh-choo! In case your computer is attacked by a virus, it can affect your computer in the following ways: Antivirus software is like a ray of bright light in a world full of dark viruses. An open and unprotected door will attract all the intruders and burglars into your home. Problem solves by using the internet. Make sure you are secured as soon as you turn on that computer. A virus may do phantom click through to advertisements, generating revenue for the criminal. No one looks forward to receiving spam mail. On the bright side, a computer user who suffers the effects of a virus typically responds like the heart-attack survivor who, overnight, adopts healthy habits. It is not so easy to guess or interrupt both public key and private key as well as to gain access to the information. And we have ourselves to blame. We may earn affiliate commissions from buying links on this site. To cope up with these risks, various anti-virus software are available in the market. Ahh, lucky you. Let's know a bit about the Virus. Trilling noted that there is widespread interest in developing antivirus and data recovery systems that mimic our bodies natural defenses. Person can do multiple task, multiple operation at a same time, calculate numerical problems within few seconds. Which capital is farther north Salt Lake City Utah or Carson City Nevada? A data type essentially tells the compiler what kind of value and actions this specific variable may store. The number of advantages that they offer are countless. To encrypt and decrypt data a secret key is used. Like most other viruses (except spacefillers - more on these later) macro viruses increase the size of files when they infect them, as they attach their own code. If the computer infection is discovered, there is no need to panic.
What are the advantages of computer viruses? - Quora Intruder is an online vulnerability scanner that finds cyber security weaknesses in your infrastructure, to avoid costly data breaches. That virus is called Win32/DH{eRUTxVzF3U} and it is one of the bad viruses that we do not want on our computers. Then the hacker can easily hack into their desired files and programs. It refers to any computer code that can harm or malfunction the computer system by infecting it. Logic circuits make it simple to determine a binary number's 1's and 2's complement; The fact that the end-around-carry operation, which is a feature of the 1 . Eradicating a viral disease is a very difficult task. With the advancement in technology, our whole lives are now dependent on the computer and the internet.
What Is a Computer Exploit? | Exploit Definition | AVG In order to prevent form the computer virus many antivirus software are being developed. Using the perfectly secure operating system is also using the MOST advanced operating system there is. Infectious diseases are the invasion of host organisms, (microbes) which can be invisible to the eyes. Computer Virus Computer Virus . A privacy, security, and identity monitoring software called McAfee Security gives your device and your personal information constant, up-to-date protection. Other times, the malware is not visible to the user allowing it to travel through the systems hard drive and damage the files. Invicti uses the Proof-Based Scanning to automatically verify the identified vulnerabilities and generate actionable results within just hours. Computer can. Why do people say that forever is not altogether real in love and relationship. We have come up with the best YouTube proxies for block-free content. The body is a dynamic place that profits from changes, he told TechNewsWorld. Microsofts TechNet saw a more than 1,000 percent increase in unique visitors the week SoBig hit; Symantecs online unique visitor count increased more than 300 percent. After that, they can use the victims data as per their will; they can delete or damage it and steal it to demand ransom later on. The rate of transmission of the virus occurs rapidly. Will you ever want to damage your computer with your own hands on your own will? What is are the functions of diverse organisms? A particular kind of computer virus known as a "macrovirus" was developed using the same macro language used to create the software it infects.
A Brief History of Computer Viruses & What the Future Holds - Kaspersky Over a few days or a week, the speed of the computer or web browser can significantly be decreased. With the internet connecting the world together, it gives concerns for cyber-terrorism and cyber-attacks. In most cases, boot sector infections can be eliminated. Or do you want to hide your identity and protect personal data from snooping websites? Hofmeyr believes that when we design computers that more closely mimic nature, they will also be inherently more user-friendly. What are the 10 advantages and disadvantages of computer? Benefits of Antivirus : Virus Protection - The main role of an antivirus program is to face viruses and other sorts of malware. Keep in mind that all this is mostly done before the virus gets to harm the system. Copyright 1998-2023 ECT News Network, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Others ways to protect a computer from virus are: if you dont know the sender of a message with an attachment, dont open it; back up your files often to keep your data safe from virus; use routers and firewalls to monitor your computer activity and block unauthorized entries; disable macro security settings in working with Word or Excel to prevent running without permission. Symantec already owns 90% of the market.
20 Important Advantages of Computer & Benefits of Computer Not just that, it also has many other advantages. Intruders can be grouped into two major categories which are external and internal Intruders. VPN access is only accessible with higher-tier services. You might have suffered from slowing down your computer or a computer crash after connecting a friends USB. Which amongst the both will have a better speed? It always AM azes me to see the perpetual contortions people go through in order to use Microsoft & Windows.WHY dont you use an absolutely 100% secure operating system? A virus that affects files replaces code or adds infected code to executable files.
Binary Subtraction using 2's Complement - TAE Advantages and disadvantages of Computer - GeeksforGeeks A virus may change your computer's system after it infects it, allowing you to access features you previously couldn't. Symmetric key encryption is also known as private key encryption.
What Is A Computer Virus? | Norton Unusual emails or social media posts made to a big audience without your consent. We all know browsers, namely Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer and Safari, which are used extensively by more than 95% of all 3.5 billion users.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Computer Virus | ipl.org (i) Encryption and (ii) Decryption. While most viruses are harmless, a few can unexpectedly affect data files. Virus attacks and hacking. You may have a virus if it takes a long time for your Mac to start or access apps. The virus can change the file that is in on or steal the information that inside that file, and it can send itself to other computers so that it will spread and continue replicating itself. Cyber-attacks are attacks on a target system carried about by different people and may not be associated with a terrorist group. Junk emails are pointless. what are the advantages of virus 4.Viruses: The threat of virus and malware attack always remains in the computerized environment. Real-time protection AVG antivirus system is one of the best antivirus software in the globe, and it supports real-time protection to your computer, laptop, or smartphone. Replication is the singular feature that makes viruses . Can broadcast itself.3. The virus will probably make it impossible for any program to find and eliminate the problem it has brought on. can handle Multiple Instructions.4. Disadvantages -Viruses can cause many problems on your computer. LifeLock identity theft protection is included with most 360 packages, PC security features, including firewall and backup, Has protection for all devices, including iOS and Android. Kauna unahang parabula na inilimbag sa bhutan? 10 advantages of computer Rating: 8,2/10 282reviews Increased efficiency: With the help of computers, tasks can be completed faster and with greater accuracy, resulting in increased efficiency and productivity. Web Protection. Some examples for computer worms is Bulubebek which was spread through email which destroyed the fire walls , code red was also a jamming worm virus in computer which helped hackers to hack the computer system from the. The best course of action is to have trustworthy antivirus software whether or not you are connected to the Internet. it can be programmed to refrain from mutating when it infects a file on a computer that already contains copies of the virus. What is the advantages of computer virus? What are the disadvantages and advantages of cotton? Ease of accessibility Modern computer networks are easy to explore.
The advantages and disadvantages of Anti-virus software Norton Antivirus software guards your computer and prevents viruses, spyware, worms, and Trojan horses from getting in and doing damage. In cryptography two types of operation are performed. These are considered non-living organisms outside the host body, once a host organism is obtained, viruses tend to replicate. So, will you leave your door open for intruders? It is difficult to remove and usually requires the entire hard drive of infected computers to be reformatted. On the bright side, a computer user who suffers the effects of a virus typically responds like the heart-attack survivor who, overnight, adopts healthy habits.
Hardening Firmware Across the Android Ecosystem - Advantage Computers NJ 10 advantages of computer. What are the 10 advantages and Engage with IT decision makers and key influencers. Computer can perform millions or trillions of work in one second. All those files are put under a scan to check for any peculiarity or maliciousness. A computer virus is a malicious application or authored code used to perform destructive activity on a device or local network. Another benefit of viruses is the crucial role they play in Earth's deep carbon, oxygen . A lot of the time, websites warn you before you enter the one that tries to install or launch a program on your computer, but this is only sometimes the case. The microbes are also known as pathogens.
What Is a Computer Virus? - Definition, Types & More | Proofpoint UK 3-virus can stole the valuable data of your computer. Even Microsoft has always known who to follow who to copy and who to immitate, why cant the herd of morons using their Windows products figure it out? Like Evans, Sana Securitys Hofmeyr has spent years contemplating bugs of both the electronic and biological sort. These computer viruses are present in various types and each of them can infect a device in a different manner. The spyware records and use it as if it were their own, fostering identity theft. 14. A form of malware known as a "file-infecting virus" targets executable files to destroy or render them useless permanently. So, even if you are a kid or a person new to technology, you'll find it easy to connect. All rights reserved. Computer is an machine thats designed to figure with Information. There are no alternatives for securing a single device. Antivirus software is designed to remove viruses off your computer. The code's malicious activity could damage the local file system, steal data, interrupt services, download additional malware, or any other actions coded into the program by the malware author. If their AV would really work, even new viruses could not have such an impact. 2.Huge . The only advantage of computer viruses is that they are only codes that do not physically damage computers. The worst computer virus outbreak in history, Mydoom caused estimated damage of $38 billion in 2004, but its inflation-adjusted cost is actually $52.2 billion. Additionally, spyware that collects banking information and other sensitive data may be included in browser hijackers.
What is the advantages of computer virus? - Fuckbuttons.com The viruses won't only cause damages to your data, it can degrade the general system performance. Computer systems are essential to everyday life across the entire planet. First of all there are three of the same virus on the system that was scanned. A computer virus can be thought of as an illness of the computer, just like human viruses that cause diseases in humans. Viruses can easily be transmitted to your network via infected files, and these, in turn, can potentially harm your data and files. It is more convenient to simply run the antivirus than having to waste time trying to locate it, delete it, and restore any data . The biggest headache for parents in these advance times is that their children can openly access anything using the internet, whether it be good or bad. It can provide a monitoring tool via which you can keep tabs on the activities of your children in a safe yet efficient manner. The end consequence is the introduction of unwanted advertising into the browser and, in certain cases, substituting the hijacker website for the browser's default home page or search engine. Antivirus software works as a prophylactic so that it not only eliminates a virus but also prevents any potential virus from infecting your computer in the future.
When did the term 'computer virus' arise? - Scientific American It also performs some other harmful activities like corrupting files, displaying images or unwanted messages, etc. NCERT Solutions Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Part 1, NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Part 2, NCERT Solutions Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science, NCERT Solutions For Class 6 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, JEE Main 2022 Question Paper Live Discussion.