Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. This meant atholics did not think . When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Register for free, Home / It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. West Yorkshire, Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. VAT reg no 816865400. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. 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Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. Apply for student finance without a bank account? The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. What were the causes of westward The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. (*fragmentary*). Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. By 1568 most people had accepted. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Mary Queen of Scots was married to . Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. This increased tension between England and Spain. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. Boston Spa, Overview of Elizabeth I / These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. West Yorkshire, Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. Those who refused this were sent to prison. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . 214 High Street, Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. VAT reg no 816865400. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. Use your outline Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. . In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. The attack was a success. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). Norfolk was killed in 1572. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. Continue with Recommended Cookies. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. LS23 6AD Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. Boston House, She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. The invasion failed, however. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. . In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Europe. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). LS23 6AD Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. . "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. - rebelling of scottish lords. 2) This war was not a success. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. J. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. 1558 -french threat. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Boston Spa, Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. Best Answer. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. Spain and France were the major European powers. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors.